solomon islands campaign
The Solomons campaign culminated in the often bitter fighting of the Bougainville Campaign, which continued until the end of the war. • Gothic Line More than 60,000 women wed by American servicemen during World War II hoped to leave their old homes behind and rejoin their husbands for a new life in the United States. • Market Garden info@nationalww2museum.org • First Indochina War • Syria and Lebanon • Tempest Solomon Islands Campaign: X Operations in the New Georgia Area 21 June-5 August 1943 Solomon Islands Campaign XII The Bougainville Landing and the Battle od Empress Augusta Bay, 27 October - … • Tannenberg Line In launching this war, Japanese leaders sought to neutralize the U.S. fleet, seize possessions rich in natural resources, and obtain strategic military bases to defend their far-flung empire. Determined to achieve a decisive victory, Japanese forces massed for an all-out attack in October 1942. After the US strategic victories at the Battles of the Coral Sea (May 7–8, 1942) and Midway (June 4–7, 1942), the Japanese Imperial Navy was no longer capable of major offensive campaigns, which permitted the Allies to start their own offensive in the Pacific. The Allies countered the threats to Australia by a build-up of troops and aircraft,[8] with the aim of implementing plans to approach and reconquer the Philippines. United States From the Collection to the Classroom: Teaching History with The National WWII Museum. Attacks on British Empire possessions in the Pacific, beginning with an attack on Hong Kong almost simultaneous with the Pearl Harbor attack, brought the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand into the conflict. • Manhattan Project The following Solomon Islands campaign (1942–1945) and the New Guinea campaign (1942–1945), notably the Battles of Eastern Solomons (August 1942) and Santa Cruz (October 1942), further decimated the IJNAS veteran aircrews, and replacing their combat experience proved impossible. 504-528-1944, Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Japanese American Incarceration Education Resources, Coming To America: The War Brides Act of 1945, “America Remembers Wake Island and Is Proud”: The Battle That Lifted a Nation’s Morale in 1941, The Path Through the Soviet Union and China to Pearl Harbor, Curator's Choice: The Book of the Dead and Dying. United Kingdom The Battles: The Solomon Islands Campaign lasted six months and consisted of a number of major battles—on land, at sea and in the air. When the Japanese Seventeenth Army launched the assault on October 23, 1942, striking at multiple points along the airfield perimeter over four days, tenacious fighting by US Marines and soldiers threw back the attacks. • Soviet occupations The logistical challenges of transport and supply across the Pacific were also immense. • Nazi plunder The invasion ignited a ferocious struggle marked by The Allies, in order to defend their communication and supply lines in the South Pacific, supported a counteroffensive in New Guinea, isolated the Japanese base at Rabaul, and counterattacked the Japanese in the Solomons with landings on Guadalcanal (see Guadalcanal Campaign) and small neighboring islands on 7 August 1942. Then from November 12–15, in the frantic Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, American sailors and airmen blocked Japan’s last effort to knock out Henderson Field from the sea, at heavy cost. [5], In April 1942, the Japanese army and navy together initiated Operation Mo, a joint plan to capture Port Moresby in New Guinea. In August 1942, America mounted its first major amphibious landing of World War II at Guadalcanal, using innovative landing craft built by Higgins Industries in New Orleans. The teeth of dolphins are used as currency and in bridal dowries, while dolphin meat is also consumed. • Leyte Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses. The Japanese occupied these locations and began the construction of several naval and air bases with the goals of protecting the flank of the Japanese offensive in New Guinea, establishing a security barrier for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain, and providing bases for interdicting supply lines between the Allied powers of the United States and Australia and New Zealand. • Surrender of Germany ), Members of the U.S. 11th Marines with a 75mm pack howitzer on Guadalcanal, 1942. The Solomon Islands Campaign cost the Allies approximately 7,100 men, 29 ships, and 615 aircraft. The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II. The Solomon Islands Campaign: Guadalcanal After the US strategic victories at the Battles of the Coral Sea (May 7–8, 1942) and Midway (June 4–7, 1942), the Japanese Imperial Navy was no longer capable of major offensive campaigns, which permitted the Allies to start their own offensive in the Pacific. Solomon Islands Campaign In the Solomon Islands, various communities have engaged in the practice of dolphin hunting for hundreds of years. • Philippines In the end they prevailed, and the Allies took the first vital step in driving the Japanese back in the Pacific theater. Ships sunk includes warships and auxiliaries. • Moscow Murray, Williamson; Allan R. Millett (2001). The campaign began with Japanese landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six months of 1942. Kamikaze-Wikipedia Attacks on British Empire possessions in the Pacific, beginning with an attack on Hong Kong almost simul… A small notebook by Charles Don Page records the defining moment in 212 men’s lives under the Imperial Japanese Army. • Operation Paperclip New Zealand • • Hungary Growing superiority at sea and in the air, as well as in the number of fighting men, gave the United States increasing advantages. Following its attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), the Japanese Imperial Navy occupied islands throughout the western Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, after failing to resolve a dispute with the United States over Japan's actions in China and French Indochina, the Japanese attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • Soviet Union (Barbarossa) The Solomon Islands Campaign. Nonetheless, wherever US forces met Japanese defenders, the enemy fought long and hard before being defeated. Air and naval bases at Bougainville and New Georgia supported their campaign on New Guinea. By April 1942, the Japanese line extended from the Burma–India border, east to the Philippines, New Britain and the Solomon Islands. Other leading and trailing events may also be included for perspective. Although Guadalcanal was always a secondary objective for the Japanese, they realized regular reinforcements and supply runs were critical for a continuous campaign on that island to recapture Henderson Field. • Normandy The attack crippled much of the U.S. battleship fleet and precipitated an open and formal state of war between the two nations. Each Turn simulates a week of real time, during which players deploy, have combat and attempt to achieve objectives. • Occupation of Japan [9] Following the victory at Midway, General Douglas MacArthur, who had taken command of the South West Pacific Area, proposed a lightning offense to retake Rabaul, which the Japanese were fortifying and using as a base of operations. Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Military campaigns and theatres of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving the Solomon Islands, Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea, http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=23, http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=21, http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=27, http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/CGPacWar.pdf, http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373/1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44?OpenDocument, "TOP OF THE LADDER: Marine Operations in the Northern Solomons", http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003141-00/index.htm, "Vol. On Guadalcanal, American servicemembers battled heat, mosquitoes, disease, dense vegetation, and unfamiliar terrain along with a determined Japanese enemy in an all-consuming, round-the-clock battle. The Solomons Campaign technically lasted throughout the war. American losses were significant, but Japanese losses were devastating. • Iran Battle of the Bismarck Sea (March 3-4, 1943) At the same time as the Guadalcanal campaign was raging, an equally bitter series of battles was occurring on the island of New Guinea. • Belgrade Historical simulation of the Air-Sea-Land campaign waged on and around Guadalcanal in 1942. Anchoring its defensive positions in the South Pacific was the major Japanese army and navy base at Rabaul, New Britain, which was captured in January 1942. • Hungary The Solomon Islands was the site of major military campaign for the Pacific, and its islands are littered with thousands of unexploded bombs left over from the conflict. Within a few months of the attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and after securing its footing in Rabaul and the Philippines, the Japanese set their sights on the Solomon Islands. • Finland Drea, Edward J. • Warsaw Task Two was an advance along the New Guinea coast. The northernmost of the Solomon Islands, Bougainville, wasn’t fully under Allied control until the Japanese forces there surrendered on August 21, 1945. Saturday, August 8th, 1942 • Indonesian National Revolution, The British Resident Commissioner of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate and therefore nominally the commander of the Commonwealth military forces in the Solomon Islands. In early march, a convoy set out from Rabaul to land much-needed reinforcements in the Buna - Gona area. (Image: The National WWII Museum, 2002.069.144. • Lapland The Solomon Islands campaign then converged with the New Guinea campaign. In a campaign of attrition fought on land, on sea, and in the air, the Allies wore the Japanese down, inflicting irreplaceable losses on Japanese military assets. These competing proposals were resolved by Admiral King and U.S. Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who adopted a three-task plan. A Japanese goal was to establish an effective defensive perimeter from British India on the west, through the Dutch East Indies on the south, and to island bases in the south and central Pacific as its southeastern line of defense. • Borneo • West Hunan The Japanese lost 31,000 men, 38 ships, and 683 aircraft. The Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. • Home front The main forces on Guadalcanal met little resistance on their way inland to secure the airfield at Lunga Point, which was soon renamed Henderson Field after Loy Henderson, an aviator killed at the Battle of Midway. "Part 96: Battle For the Solomons". Also part of the plan was a navy operation to capture Tulagi in the southern Solomons. • Manchuria By the winter of 1945, millions of American military personnel were on the move, but they were not alone. After the US strategic victories at the Battles of the Coral Sea (May 7–8, 1942) and Midway (June 4–7, 1942), the Japanese Imperial Navy was no longer capable of major offensive campaigns, which permitted the Allies to start their own offensive in the Pacific. • Budapest Meanwhile, the Marines finally began receiving fresh reinforcements, including soldiers from the US Army. To Youths and everyone, spare atleast one hour a day to pray for God's Divine Intervention and Protection over our Nation, Solomon Islands. • Morgenthau Plan The Allies retook some of the Solomon Islands (although resistance continued until the end of the war), and they also isolated and neutralized some Japanese positions, which were then bypassed. • Pearl Harbor • Syrmian Front • Korsun–Cherkassy In March and April, Japanese forces occupied and began constructing an airfield at Buka in northern Bougainville, as well as an airfield and naval base at Buin, in southern Bougainville. This accident was one of the worst roller coaster accidents in history. • Occupation of Germany The fight for control of Guadalcanal, its critical airfield, and the seas around them continued for months with both sides losing men, ships, and aircraft and with neither side able to drive the other off the island. On December 7, 1941, after failing to resolve a dispute with the United States over Japan's actions in China and French Indochina, the Japanese attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • • Romania • Kuril Islands The Allies overwhelmed the o… The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II.The campaign began with Japanese landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six months of 1942.The Japanese occupied these locations and began the construction of several naval and air bases with the … • Ardennes • Cryptography • Neptune During the first amphibious invasion in the Pacific, the United States made many initial mistakes, including not having the proper resources on the beaches to move men and matériel inland. In the bloodiest battle in Marine Corps history, 27 Marines and sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for action on Iwo Jima. The valiant defense of Wake Island by US Marines, sailors, soldiers, and civilians became a potent rallying point for Americans in the dark days after Pearl Harbor. (Image: The National WWII Museum, 2002.069.144.). Almost immediately, however, Japanese naval aircraft attacked transport and escort ships, and Japanese reinforcements arrived in the area. In March 1942 Admiral Ernest King, then Commander-in Chief of the U. S. Fleet, had advocated an offense from New Hebrides through the Solomon Islands to the Bismarck Archipelago. However, for these “War Brides” restrictive American immigrations policies posed a major challenge. There are a total of (35) Battle of the Solomon Islands - WW2 Timeline (January 1942 - August 1945) events in the Second World War timeline database. • Military production The attack crippled most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's battleships and started a formal state of war between the two nations. Solomon Islands campaign. • Lithuania • • Poland Griffith, Brig. Allied success in the Solomon Islands campaign prevented the Japanese from cutting Australia and New Zealand off from the U.S. Operation Cartwheel — the Allied grand strategy for the Solomons and New Guinea campaigns — launched on June 30, 1943, isolated and neutralized Rabaul and destroyed much of Japan's sea and air supremacy. Over the next two and a half years, US forces captured the Gilbert Islands (Tarawa and Makin), the Marshall Islands (Kwajalein and Eniwetok), the Mariana Islands (Saipan, Guam, and Tinian), Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. • Crete The High Command assembled on Guadalcanal in 1943, during the planning for the Northern Solomons campaign, this group includes many officers who played important roles in the … • Yugoslav Front Faith Bandler played an important role in promoting the civil rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders people. • Changsha To Youths and everyone, spare atleast one hour a day to pray for God's Divine Intervention and Protection over our Nation, Solomon Islands. Task One, implemented by a directive of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 2 July 1942 and named the initial attacks Operation Watchtower,[10] became the Solomon Islands campaign. One month later, the Japanese Combined Fleet lost four of its fleet aircraft carriers at the Battle of Midway.[7]. • Berlin Game begins with US invasion and portrays the subsequent Japanese attempts to retake this strategic area and the American efforts to hold it. • Western Ukraine The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II.The campaign began with Japanese landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six months of 1942.The Japanese occupied these locations and began the construction of several naval and air bases with the … • Czechoslovakia • Territorial changes of Germany Page 45 of 46 - About 460 Essays Roller Coaster Accident Case Study. The attack crippled most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's battleships and started a formal state of war between the two nations. • Kiev • Total war • Technology • Malaya, • Narva On 7 December 1941, Japanese forces attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japan secured a tactical victory, sinking the carrier Hornet, but paid a severe price in aircraft and skilled aircrew. Entries are listed below by date-of-occurrence ascending (first-to-last). The Bougainville campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan, named after the island of Bougainville.It was part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied grand strategy in the South Pacific.The campaign took place in the Northern Solomons in two phases. So many ships were lost by both sides during the Guadalacanal campaign that the southern end of New Georgia Sound, the area north of Guadalcanal previously called Savo Sound, became known as "Ironbottom Sound". Historian Richard Frank explores the influence of China and the Soviet Union in the Japanese decision to attack American territories in December 1941. • Military awards • • Baltic States This week SIPA staff visited two schools in West Honiara, which are St John Secondary School and Tamlan Community High … These landings initiated a series of combined-arms battles between the two adversaries, beginning with the Guadalcanal landing and continuing with several battles in the central and northern Solomons, on and around New Georgia Island, and Bougainville Island. [6], Japanese naval forces successfully captured Tulagi but its invasion of Port Moresby was repulsed at the Battle of the Coral Sea. • Military equipment Islands of Destiny serves as a powerful reminder of the geography, the strategy, and the ferocity of the Solomons campaign.”—The Wall Street Journal “Islands of Destiny is essential reading for anyone interested in the Pacific War.”—World War II Magazine 1. "[4], The Empire of Japan accomplished its initial strategic objectives in the first six months of the war, capturing the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, New Britain, Gilbert Islands, and Guam. On August 7, 1942, Allied forces, predominantly United States Marines, landed on the islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida in the southern Solomon Islands with the objective of denying their use by the Japanese to threaten Allied supply and communication routes between the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand. In the words of the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet Secret Order Number One, dated November 1, 1941, the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to, "(eject) British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, (and) to establish a policy of autonomous self-sufficiency and economic independence. • Comparative military ranks Beginning in August 1942 and continuing through the end of 1943, when the Japanese base at Rabaul was isolated and bypassed, the Solomon Islands Campaign was conducted with combined Allied forces from the Southwest Pacific and Central Pacific commands and included several major amphibious landings, a dozen naval battles, and continuous air attacks. • Eastern Romania The campaign began with Japanese landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six months of 1942. Page 40 of 46 - About 460 Essays Role Of Faith Bandler Essay. • Iraq Media in category "Solomon Islands Campaign" The following 172 files are in this category, out of 172 total. Video Software we use: https://amzn.to/2KpdCQF Ad-free videos. Australia • Hong Kong Gen. Samuel B (USMC) (1974). With each island taken from the Japanese, the United States moved closer to Japan. Task One was the capture of the island of Tulagi in the Solomons. • Shumshu, • Attacks on North America • Philippines (1944–1945), • Vistula–Oder The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II.The campaign began with Japanese landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six months of 1942.The Japanese occupied these locations and began the construction of several naval and air bases with the … The Allies created a combined air formation, Cactus Air Force, establishing air superiority during the daylight hours. • Mariana and Palau The initial goals of Japanese leaders were to neutralize the US Navy, seize possessions rich in natural resources, and establish strategic military bases to defend Japan's empire in the Pacific Ocean and Asia. • Overlord • Sevastopol • Lend-Lease First of all, the physical setting may impel strategic and operational deliberations. • Greece "An Allied Interpretation of the Pacific War". • Leningrad American forces first landed on the Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi and Florida on the morning of August 7, 1942. For six long months US forces fought to hold the island. (Image: National Archives and Records Administration.). IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944", http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/IV/index.html, "The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner", http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ACTC/index.html, http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Paci-_N84545.html, http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003130-00/index.htm, United States Army Center of Military History, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/northsol/northsol.htm, "UP THE SLOT: Marines in the Central Solomons", http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-CSol/index.html, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Rabaul/index.html, "Time of the Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons, 1942-1944", http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Aces/index.html, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-CSol/USMC-M-CSol-5.html, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/II/index.html, http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/macarthurv2.htm#contents, "Pacific Counterblow: The 11th Bombardment Group and the 67th Fighter Squadron in the Battle for Guadalcanal", http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/WW/index.html, "Guadalcanal and the Origins of the Thirteenth Air Force", http://web.archive.org/web/20070428133716/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAFHS/AAF-HS-35.pdf, http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/Web-DocSecondary/flat?OpenDocument, Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, German prisoners of war in the United States, Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Japanese prisoners of war in World War II, Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign?oldid=5368225. The Japanese Navy also proposed a future invasion of Australia, but the army answered that it currently lacked enough troops to support such an operation. A look past the pages of a written letter home. After some fierce fighting, the US Marines cleared Tulagi and Florida by August 9. After some fierce fighting, the Marines cleared Tulagi and Florida by August 9. By seizing a strategic airfield site on the island, the United States halted Japanese efforts to disrupt supply routes to Australia and New Zealand. As one Japanese officer noted, “This was the fork in the road.” While fighting continued on the island, the Japanese withdrew their final men and left the island to the Allies in February 1943. • Paris • Blitzkrieg Furthermore, with hindsight the campaign for the northern Solomon Islands might be described simply as bringing to bear preponderant American strength on isolated Japanese positions. Commander Davis demonstrated steadfast leadership during a kamikaze attack off of Luzon, Philippines. Shortly thereafter, the Japanese navy established small garrisons on the other northern and central Solomon Islands. Japan’s goal was to create a defensive buffer against attack from the United States and its allies—one that would ensure Japan mastery over east Asia and the southwest Pacific. • Strategic bombing, • Expulsion of Germans The Americans strengthened their defenses at Henderson Field and launched aggressive jabs to keep the Japanese off-balance. • Bagration No other campaign surpassed that number. 945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 Solomon Islands campaign; Solomon Islands campaign. The battle at sea also heated up in the fall of 1942. The Museum highlights educational resources for teachers and students that can be used to explore Japanese American incarceration. • Okinawa Many pitched battles were fought trying to stop Japanese supplies from getting through. Solomon Islands Ports Authority (SIPA) this week commenced its rollout of the 3 ‘R’s campaign around schools in the capital City of Honiara. • Italy (Spring 1945) • Manila • Crossbow The objective of the operation was for the Japanese to extend their southern perimeter and to establish bases to support possible future advances to seize Nauru, Ocean Island, New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa and thereby cut the supply lines between Australia and the United States, with the goal of reducing or eliminating Australia as a threat to Japanese positions in the South Pacific. The first major carrier battle off the Solomon Islands occurred shortly after the American landings on Guadalcanal. Over the following days, the first of many deadly naval battles occurred—the Naval Battle of Savo Island. • Project Hula The United States Navy advocated a more gradual approach from New Guinea and up the Solomon Island chain. The intention was to use the islands as a strategic point against the United States and stake a claim in the South Pacific to sever supply lines between the US and Australia. The Japanese then resorted to nightly resupply missions which they called "Rat Transportation" (and the Allies called "the Tokyo Express") through New Georgia Sound ("The Slot"). On October 26, American and Japanese naval forces clashed off the Santa Cruz Islands. Solomon Islands Campaign XII The Bougainville Landing and the Battle od Empress Augusta Bay, 27 October - 2 November 1943 Some Experiences Reported … It seemed that every time the United States inched closer to victory, the Japanese would resupply Guadalcanal by night and be ready for more fighting the next day. This opened the way for Allied forces to recapture the Philippines and cut off Japan from its crucial resource areas in the Netherlands East Indies. • Operation Keelhaul Ultimately, Japan wanted to completely remove Australia and New Zeala… • Pointblank American forces first landed on the Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida on the morning of August 7,1942. The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II. Primary Image: On Guadalcanal, American servicemembers battled heat, mosquitoes, disease, dense vegetation, and unfamiliar terrain along with a determined Japanese enemy in an all-consuming, round-the-clock battle. • Atomic bombings James Hackemer, an Iraq war veteran lost both his legs when his vehicle hit an IED in March 2007. • Iwo Jima Difficult jungle terrain, inhospitable weather, lack of infrastructure, and a foe that fought to the death gave the United States its first taste of what was to come throughout the Pacific war. seven major naval battles, numerous clashes ashore, and almost continuous air combat. Colony of Fiji. There are three big ideas that come out of studying the Solomon Islands campaign. Task Three was the capture of Rabaul. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. (1998). • Estonia • Yugoslavia • Ichi-Go Between the two nations American territories in December 1941 R. 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