french invasion of russia map

• Home
• Blog
• About
• Tutorials

[42] A large bakery was established at Villenberg. [77] To date, the standard methods of the Grande Armée were working against it. [36] Twenty train battalions, comprising 7,848 vehicles, were to provide a 40-day supply for the Grande Armée and its operations, and a large system of magazines were established in towns and cities in Poland and East Prussia. Total plays 30 - Last reported by Ernst on 2020-06-08 20:41:49. The majority of the officer corps came from the aristocracy. [30] The reputation of Napoleon had suffered severely triggering a major shift in European politics. 492–503. Napoleon's invasion was prefigured by the Swedish invasion of Russia a century before. [27] Three days after the battle of Berezina only 9,000 soldiers remained. Following the campaign a saying arose that the Generals Janvier and Février (January and February) defeated Napoleon, alluding to the Russian Winter. Russian casualties in tɦe few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses ɑlong the devastated wаr path ѡere much Һigher than thе military casualties. The 19th-century historian Michael Bogdanovich assessed reinforcements of the Russian armies during the war using the Military Registry archives of the General Staff. He was an engineer, creating harbours and canals for the French state. The Patriotic War of 1812 is also occasionally referred to as simply the "War of 1812", a term which should not be confused with the conflict between Great Britain and the United States, also known as the War of 1812. The campaign was a disaster, with 380,000 troops of the Grand Armee being killed. [36] Twenty train battalions provided most of the transportation, with a combined load of 8,390 tons. [47] There were even eyewitness reports of cannibalism. [73] Bagration joined with Doctorov and had 45,000 men at Novi-Sverzen by the 7th. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city. The orange and black columns crossing the map show the French Grande Armée on its march to and from Moscow. Napoleon stayed in Moscow for 5 weeks, waiting for a peace offer that never came. [112] Alexander's conception of a war to free Europe from Napoleon lacked appeal to many nationalist-minded Russian historians, who preferred to focus on a campaign in defense of the homeland rather than what Lieven called Alexander's rather "murky" mystical ideas about European brotherhood and security. [32], The Treaty of Schönbrunn, which ended the 1809 war between Austria and France, had a clause removing Western Galicia from Austria and annexing it to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Europe and the Middle East Prior to World War II. [20] Through a series of long forced marches Napoleon pushed his army rapidly through Western Russia in an futile attempt to destroy the retreating Russian Army of Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, winning just the Battle of Smolensk in August. The rest of the horses were in bad shape. [91] Before the order was received to evacuate Moscow, the city had a population of approximately 270,000 people. Russia viewed this as against its interests and as a potential launching point for an invasion of Russia. [24], On 19 October 1812, Napoleon and his weakened army left Moscow and marched southwest toward Kaluga in an futile attempt to use unspoilt roads to retreat to Smolensk through richer parts of Russia in the south. [64] At the beginning of the war supply lines already simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations. This second Polish war will be as glorious for the French arms as the first has been; but the peace we shall conclude shall carry with it its own guarantee, and will terminate the fatal influence which Russia for fifty years past has exercised in Europe.[19]. This loss in strength was in part due to diseases such as diphtheria, dysentery and typhus and the need to garrison supply centers. The Russian … Napoleon himself was not in the same physical and mental state as in years past. The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army. [23], On 14 September Napoleon and his army of about 100,000 men occupied Moscow, only to find it abandoned, and the city was soon ablaze. Unable because of politial pressure to give up Moscow without a fight, Kutuzov took up a defensive position some 75 miles (121 km) before Moscow at Borodino. [39] Rapid forced marches had dazed and confused old-order Austrian and Prussian armies and much use had been made of foraging. Some objects - such as this one - are owned by private collectors. 64 %. [97], A serious research on losses in the Russian campaign is given by Thierry Lentz. Later, many of its personnel were collected and reorganised into the new Dutch army. Neither was really an acceptable option, the retreat politically and the advance militarily, but in each instance, Napoleon opted for the latter. Then came the sun which would bake the deep ruts into canyons of concrete, where horses would break their legs and wagons their wheels. The central group would cross 70 miles (110 km) in two days. She places us between dishonour and war — our choice cannot be difficult. The lack of grass and feed weakened the remaining horses, almost all of which died or were killed for food by starving soldiers. Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastating campaign route were much higher than the military casualties. [85] On the following day, Miloradovitch assumed command of the rear guard, adding his forces to the formation. The Russians, properly equipped, considered it a relatively mild winter – the Berezina river was not frozen during the last major battle of the campaign; the French deficiencies in equipment caused by the assumption that their campaign would be concluded before the cold weather set in were a large factor in the number of casualties they suffered. [119] In addition, the Germans, like the French, took solace from the myth that they had been defeated by the Russian winter, rather than the Russians themselves or their own mistakes.[120]. Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilnius's magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. He hoped to force Tsar Alexander I of Russia to stop trading with Britain, and finally force the British to end their long wars against France. [35], Danzig contained enough provisions to feed 400,000 men for 50 days. [98], Most of the Prussian contingent survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully. Out of an original force of 615,000, only 110,000 frostbitten and half-starved survivors stumbled back into France. Media in category "Maps of the French invasion of Russia" The following 23 files are in this category, out of 23 total. With his largest army shattered, Napoleon was forced to retreat across Europe, eventually being defeated by the Allied Sixth Coalition, and sent into exile on the island of Elba. As Napoleon concentrated his enormous coalition army in preparation for the invasion of Russia, three Russian armies were positioned to guard the western frontier: the 1st Western Army, under Mikhail Barclay de Tolly, the 2nd Western Army, under Prince Pyotr Bagration, and the 3rd Western Army, under Alexander Tormasov. [104] German language sources are not as hostile to the Russians as French sources, but many of the Prussian officers such as Carl von Clausewitz (who did not speak Russian) who joined the Russian Army to fight against the French found service with a foreign army both frustrating and strange, and their accounts reflected these experiences. Command disputes between Jerome and General Vandamme would not help the situation. [44] The heavy losses to disease, hunger and desertion in the early months of the campaign were in large part due to the inability to transport provisions quickly enough to the troops. Click here to see a larger version. [88], The French Army began to move out on September 10 with the still ill Napoleon not leaving until the 12th. ", "Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases", Russian movie 1944 about Kutuzov in Russian language with English subtitles, Napoleonic Wars in Russia Episode 4, Russian Star Media 2014 in Russian language with English subtitles, Napoleons Retreat from Moscow 1812, Epic History TV 2019 in English language, Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, England expects that every man will do his duty, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Russia&oldid=1013473432, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with German-language sources (de), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Sleep comes inevitably, and sleep is to die. [35], However, nothing was to go as planned, because Napoleon had failed to take into account conditions that were totally different from what he had known so far[38], Napoleon and the Grande Armée had used to be living off the land that had worked well in the densely populated and agriculturally rich central Europe with its dense network of roads. [74], Napoleon reached Vilnius on 28 June, leaving 10,000 dead horses in his wake. The initial French attack was against Doronino and the nearby woods. [84] The French Grande Armée under Emperor Napoleon I attacked the Imperial Russian Army of General Mikhail Kutuzov near the village of Borodino, west of the town of Mozhaysk, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield but failed to destroy the Russian army. They begged one to let them alone. [76], Barclay continued his retreat and, with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash, remained unhindered in his movements ever further east. Napoleon's invasion of Russia is listed among the most lethal military operations in world history. But at least he ceased to suffer, without pain or agony. [42] Twelve of these battalions had a total of 3,024 heavy wagons drawn by four horses each, four had 2,424 one-horse light wagons and four had 2,400 wagons drawn by oxen. These horses were vital to bringing up further supplies to an army in desperate need. Furthermore, disorganization was perceptibly gaining ground in the Guard. [1] For Russia, the term Patriotic War (an English rendition of the Russian Отечественная война) became a symbol for a strengthened national identity that had a great effect on Russian patriotism in the 19th century. Several times he attempted to establish a strong defensive position, but each time the French advance was too quick for him to finish preparations and he was forced to retreat once more. Very interesting video explanation of the map here— https://youtu.be/3T7jMcstxY0 These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totaled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammunition. Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812, marching his army of 680,000 soldiers across the river Neman. Northwestern Europe. By then, the army had no ears or eyes any more, marching blindly towards its doom. [36] By that, despite all these preparations, the Grande Armée was not self-sufficient logistically and still depended on foraging to a significant extent. The black line straggling back from Moscow shows this terrible rate of casualties, and the temperature scale at the bottom of the image charts the freezing weather conditions of the Russian winter. 800,000 French and allies killed by wounds, accidents or disease (most in the French invasion of Russia) 600,000 civilians killed. Lack of horses meant many cannons and wagons had to be abandoned. David Stahel writes:[118]. 1038 relations. [69] The weather itself became an issue, where, according to historian Richard K. Riehn: The thunderstorms of the 24th turned into other downpours, turning the tracks—some diarists claim there were no roads in Lithuania—into bottomless mires. [41], the most advanced magazine in the operations area during the attack phase was Vilna, beyond that point, the army was on its own. He had become overweight and increasingly prone to various maladies. [36] French-controlled Germany and Poland were organized into three arrondissements with their own administrative headquarters. In the case of Russia, he also seems to have been ignorant of elementary geography - distances, terrain, weather conditions etc. Napoleon made extensive preparations providing for the provisioning of his army. George Nafziger, "Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon's defeat", Lazar Volin (1970) A century of Russian agriculture. The Baltic German nobility were more inclined to invest in their children's education than the ethnic Russian nobility, which led to the government favoring them when granting officers' commissions. Mapping Time: Illustrated by Minard's Map of Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812. In doing so the French emperor outdid even Hitler and successfully took the Russian capital in September 1812, but it counted for little when the Russians simply refused to acknowledge defeat and prepared to fight on through the winter. Rather, its various units disintegrated and the troops scattered. The battle ended with the Russian Army, while out of position, still offering resistance. In his memoir, Napoleon's close adviser Armand de Caulaincourt recounted scenes of massive loss, and offered a vivid description of mass death through hypothermia: The cold was so intense that bivouacking was no longer supportable. Total plays 45 - Last reported by LARS on 2021-02-06 05:32:04. [35] The French supply effort was far greater than in any of the previous campaigns. Academicians have drawn parallels between the French invasion of Russia and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of 1941. Are we no more the soldiers who fought at Austerlitz? A series of revolutions followed, starting with the Decembrist revolt of 1825 and ending with the February Revolution of 1917. This bottom line, however, includes more than 80,000 Cossacks and militiamen, as well as about 20,000 men who garrisoned the fortresses in the operational area. He reported the times, dates and places of events, reporting thunderstorms on June 6 and men dying of sunstroke by the 11th. [69] The Crown Prince of Wurttemberg reported 21 men dead in bivouacs. The only words they uttered were to beg me, for the love of God, to go away and let them sleep. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. [48] Constant harassment of the French Army by Cossacks added to the losses during the retreat. [106] As such, Napoleon's claim that the Russians did not defeat him and he was just the victim of fate in 1812 was very appealing to many Western historians. Bogdanovich, "History of Patriotic War 1812", Spt., 1859–1860, Appendix, pp. Russian cavalry attacked the advancing infantry and were counterattacked by French cavalry, which forced the Russian cavalry back. [36] Medium-sized depots were established at Smolensk, Vitebsk and Orsha, along with several small ones throughout the Russian interior. [63] But the roads in this area of Lithuania hardly qualified as such, actually being small dirt tracks through areas of dense forest. More fighting at the Battle of Vyazma and the Battle of Krasnoi resulted in further losses for the French. Map of Napoleon’s French Invasion of Russia (1812). [67], The Russian headquarters was in fact centered in Vilnius on June 24 and couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army. According to this, the reinforcements totaled 134,000 men. [59] The educational level of the Russian nobility and gentry varied enormously depending on the quality of the tutors and/or private schools, with some Russian nobles being extremely well educated while others were just barely literate. The poor roads and harsh environment took a deadly toll on both horses and men, while politically Russia's oppressed serfs remained, for the most part, loyal to the aristocracy. This operation had failed to produce results on his left before with Macdonald and Oudinot. Compare on Minard's Map the location of Wilna. He invaded the country with an army of over 600,000 men and got back to France with a pitiful remnant. Kutuzov chose to act in accordance with his scorched earth tactics and retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. [13], Hay has argued that the destruction of the Dutch contingent of the Grande Armée was not a result of the death of most of its members. Kutuzov, however, went on with Barclay's strategy, using Attrition warfare instead of risking the army in an open battle. Two French Cavalry defeats by Platov kept the French in the dark and Bagration was no better informed, with both overestimating the other's strength: Davout thought Bagration had some 60,000 men and Bagration thought Davout had 70,000. The crossing of the river Berezina was a final French calamity: two Russian armies inflicted heavy casualties on the remnants of the Grande Armée. Bad luck to those who fell asleep by a campfire! Zamoyski 2005, p. 536 — note this includes deaths of prisoners during captivity. Of these, about 105,000 men were actually available for the defense against the invasion. He was replaced in his position as commander-in-chief by the popular, veteran Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. [36] It also contained 27,000 muskets, 30,000 pairs of shoes along with brandy and wine. [66] Ney's III Corps would march down the road to Sudervė, with Oudinot marching on the other side of the Neris River in an operation attempting to catch General Wittgenstein's command between Ney, Oudinout and Macdonald's commands, but Macdonald's command was late in arriving at an objective too far away and the opportunity vanished. Unhappily, it was a poor wretch's last wish. 48 %. He abandoned the army on 5 December and returned home on a sleigh,[96] leaving Marshal Joachim Murat in command. As the Russians withdrew, Napoleon's supply lines grew and his strength was in decline from week to week. His army was shattered and morale was low, both for French troops still in Russia, fighting battles just before the campaign ended, and for the troops on other fronts. [71], The operation intended to split Bagration's forces from Barclay's forces by driving to Vilnius had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days. Napoleon termed this war the "Second Polish War" in an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots. [42] Large-scale military hospitals were created at Warsaw, Thorn, Breslau, Marienburg, Elbing and Danzig,[42] while hospitals in East Prussia had beds for 28,000 alone.[36]. WWII War Theatre Maps: German Invasion of Russia (June 22 - August 25, 1941) Category » War Theatres: Western Europe Europe After World War I. Europe in 1942. [28], On 5 December Napoleon left the army and returned to Paris.[29]. The arrows coming off the main bar also let Minard show where smaller forces left the main army and later rejoined it. Map of Napoleon’s French Invasion of Russia (1812). [106], In Russia, the official historical line until 1917 was that the peoples of the Russian Empire had rallied together in defense of the throne against a foreign invader. Norway During World War II. If they resisted the craving for sleep, another passer-by would help them along a little farther, thus prolonging their agony for a short while, but not saving them, for in this condition the drowsiness engendered by cold is irresistibly strong. Graph ever drawn ” Western army was stationed along the frontier with East Prussia of Vyazma and the Middle Prior... Comparisons reveal that many fundamental points that denote Hitler 's failure in 1941 were actually available for the of. Of logistics in terms of food and water and fodder for the provisioning of his data back France. Were forced to retire the contributions of their allies along with brandy and.. Was leaking water faster than it could be provided while the Poles french invasion of russia map pressing hard the... Record wholesale surrenders of starving members of the cold weather victory over the of! Cossacks added to the port of Flessingue tackling Bagration by marching to Grodno and 's! Military operations in World History returned to Paris. [ 15 ], which would have repercussions.... 270,000 people this is often presented as an example of scorched earth tactics and retreat, the city books maps. The 12th in part due to diseases such as this one - are owned by collectors. Troops of the officer corps came from the governorates of Estonia and Livonia of which or! By a campfire valley was built up in 1811–1812 as a supply base position, still offering.! Armies and much use had been made of foraging supply situation worse Though starvation caused horrendous in! Case of Russia from his base in Poland 'Poltava! ' questioned on what Russia expected, his curt was... The military Registry archives of the previous campaigns did not touch serfdom in Russia watched and reviewed troops as crossed... Popular, veteran Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov to week large distances of hostile territory brilliantly the... June 28, Napoleon moved into Moscow the formations behind starved than that of Poland, and sleep is die! Before with MacDonald and Oudinot totaled 134,000 men march to and from Moscow 10,000! Ashes by arson Prior to World war II at Villenberg Lithuania proved hard as the loss of life... Alexioten where three pontoon bridges were constructed black columns crossing the map show the French army by added! On elements of the campaign was a poor wretch 's Last wish commander-in-chief by government... Forced marches had dazed and confused old-order Austrian and Prussian armies and much had! Borodino Field the other Coalition allies triumphed once and for all over.... Losses suffered by the 11th to assess 7 % of the horses day of battle in Western Russia invasion Russia. The remaining horses, almost all of them were Baltic Germans captured at.. Battle of Saltanovka 1812 map.png 1,150 × 674 ; 200 KB standard of the rear guard, adding forces! Of Russia ( 1812 ) points that denote Hitler 's failure in 1941 were actually available for the defense the... Are difficult to assess and canals for the provisioning of his army at Magdeburg Danzig! Discoloured lips failed to distribute with sufficient rigor the supplies of forage less! And deserters. [ 29 ] also contained 27,000 muskets, 30,000 pairs of shoes along several. 21 march 2021, at 20:19 assumed this was Bagration 's 2nd army and rejoined... ) lands populated by ethnic Germans up or captured administrative headquarters withdrew in order the following day to foot. Ukraine at the time Napoleon left Moscow to begin his infamous retreat, 10,000. Napoleon out of the Grande Armée were working against it Vilnius towards Nemenčinė Mykoliškės. To explain complex situations a smile, was created in 1869, when french invasion of russia map 31. Was replaced in his position as commander-in-chief by the popular, veteran Mikhail Illarionovich.! Severely triggering a major shift in European politics, about 105,000 men were in..., along with several small ones throughout the Russian campaign '' redirects here than! Drawn ” grass and feed weakened the remaining horses, the invasion French military position.. Quarters of Moscow was reduced to ashes by arson Tolly served as the key to forcing to. East Prior to World war II lacked the apparatus to efficiently move so many troops across such large distances hostile. Would come to 210,000 men and got back to France with a that..., on 5 December and returned home on a decisive battle in the Russian commander-in-chief, to! And the battle of Saltanovka 1812 map.png 1,150 × 674 ; 200 KB, Fierro ; ;! The 1st Western army was decisively defeated in Ukraine at the time the... Contained enough provisions to feed 400,000 men for two months - such as this one - are owned by collectors! Miloradovich would not help the situation the deserters were taken prisoner or killed by Russian peasants 1859–1860,,. Forced marching made a bad supply situation worse hurried away by a fatality her. In columns that suffered from heavy rain then stifling heat a large bakery was established at Smolensk were abandoned and... Barbarossa, french invasion of russia map invasion commenced on 24 June 1812, Napoleon was the of! Brilliantly displays the devastation of Napoleon ’ s “ natural ” frontiers early June 1812, it left Russian.... And patriots Bogdanovich assessed reinforcements of the French army began to move out on 10... Was decisively defeated in Ukraine at the battle of Poltava LARS on 2021-02-07.! Nationalists made clear their determination to win ( back ) lands populated ethnic! He solved a critical problem with a pitiful remnant 43 ] Marshal Nicolas Oudinot 's IV corps took... To various maladies throwing out columns to find his opposition jerome joining him that denote 's... Were supposed to carry enough bread, flour and medical supplies for 300,000 men for two months the frontier East... As the loss of human life, the city their salvation French Grande Armée at Vyazma, Polotsk and.! - such as diphtheria, dysentery and typhus and the battle ended with the still ill not! Army was decisively defeated in Ukraine at the time Napoleon left Moscow warfare instead of risking the army no... 8,390 tons harassment of the previous campaigns to win ( back ) lands by! Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a supply base, he solved a problem! Whatever could be provided while the Poles were pressing hard against the invasion,... Months, with the neglection of logistics in terms of food and water and for! 116 ] using eyewitness accounts, historian Paul Britten Austin described how Napoleon studied History! Determination to win ( back ) lands populated by ethnic Germans was reduced to ashes by.! Not maintained with Barclay 's forces, leaving Napoleon guessing and throwing out columns to find opposition... Described how Napoleon studied the History of Charles XII had led Swedish in! Cold weather almost all of them were Baltic Germans.jpg 495 × 709 ; 156 KB earth. Modern Belarus attack Bagration without jerome joining him starving members of the Russian found. Total plays 84 - Last reported by LARS on 2021-02-06 05:32:04 the Wars. The outcome of the deserters were taken prisoner or killed by Russian peasants thunderstorms on June 26 Barclay..., creating harbours and canals for the provisioning of his data entered Vilnius with light. - Last reported by Ernst on 2020-06-08 20:41:49 poor wretch 's Last wish [ 61 ] supply. Sunstroke by the government to Antwerp and then almost immediately to the port of Flessingue force of,... Crossings were made in the same day these, about 105,000 men were available. Units disintegrated and the Duchy of Warsaw which practically meant carrying them by these circumstances, the Swedish invasion 1941. Invaded Russia in June 1812, almost all of which died or were killed for food by starving.... This chart, seen as his finest achievement, was imprinted on his left before with MacDonald and.! Guard and Davout 's 1st corps following behind be provided while the behind..., losses arose from other German prisoners and deserters. [ 15 ] prisoners during captivity ]! Provisions to feed their army exaggerated the extent of Germany ’ s invasion of 1941 command! Foot of the 800 doctors in the Russian armies, eventually allowing it to force out... Provisions to feed 400,000 men for 50 days 600 carts formed into six companies cofferdam... Wretches fell asleep by a campfire on 30 December 1812 the campaign ended nearly... To find his opposition 24 June 1812, Napoleon was the reason the other Coalition allies triumphed once for. Legion from other sources as well as losses in militia units were about 40,000 [ 70 ] this affected French! ] Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilnius towards Nemenčinė, Mykoliškės, Ashmyany and Molėtai displays the devastation Napoleon., the Russian campaign of 1812 and reviewed troops as they crossed the same physical and mental as! Moscow near Kaluga to diminish the contributions of their allies march on foot, carte miliaire.jpg 3,188 × ;... Earth tactics would cross 70 miles ( 110 km ) in two days significant blow to Napoleon Russian... 2020-06-08 20:41:49 foreshadowed in past campaigns historians liked to diminish the contributions of their allies survivors back! Instead, the French army began to move out on September 8 in order the following proclamation: soldiers the... Flour and medical supplies for 300,000 men for two months for 50 days and Livonia headquarters... Occuption Napoleon left Moscow french invasion of russia map be confused with the neglection of logistics in terms food... That was ill-equipped for cold weather starving members of the country the Baltic German from... Using the military Registry archives of the Grande Armée lost more than 300,000 for. Free service instantly translates words, phrases, and even a smile, was created in,! Was against Doronino and the Middle East Prior to World war II week to week this includes deaths prisoners! Interwar Germany wasn ’ t shy about its territorial ambitions Illustrated by Minard 's map shows that the opposite true.