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Kara Mustafa Pasha, Turkish commander at the Battle of Vienna Regardless of where he was born or when, he eventually married into the powerful Köprülü family, and began a rapid ascent to power. The battle broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and marked the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty and the beginning of the end of the Ottoman Mohammedan Empire.The battle was won by Polish-Austrian-German forces led by King Jan against the Ottoman Empire army commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The red tent of the grand vizier was blown up, but he escaped while thousands of members of his routed army were slaughtered or taken prisoner. This happened when John III Sobieski had sent relief troops to Vienna. The first Christian officer who entered Vienna was Margrave Ludwig of Baden, at the head of his dragoons. Regardless of where he was born or when, he eventually married into the powerful Köprülü family, and began a rapid ascent to power. After some initial victories, intervention by Russia turned the tide … The Historian Lord Kinross would describe him as “A man inflated by pride and presumptuous ambition. This massive Christian force marched down to Vienna, where they attacked and routed Kara Mustafa and his forces on September 13, 1683, liberating the city. By September, he had taken a portion of the walls and appeared to be on his way to victory. It is sad that little is known about Kara Mustafa, the subject of this article and a key figure in European history. He served as a commander of ground troops in a war against Poland in 1672, negotiating a settlement that added the province of Podolia to the empire. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. John Stoye in The Siege of Vienna writes that all agree that his swarthy complexion justified the nickname of Kara or black”. By laying siege to Vienna, Mustafa disobeyed Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687), who intended that Mustafa do little more than capture Imperial frontier fortresses. Inside the city, dysentery and other diseases further crippled its garrison, and the walls were already on the verge of collapsing. The Imp… Although Sobieski and the emperor had made a pact of alliance earlier that year, Sobieski was reluctant to come until Innocent persuaded Charles of Lorraine to join a combined army with the electors of Saxony and Bavaria as well as 30 German princes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Seeing this, Kara Mustafa offered Starhemberg the choice to capitulate or to fight, with the understanding being that mercy would be shown if he surrendered the city. Kara Mustafa and the 1683 Siege of Vienna. Less than three hours after the cavalry attack, the Christian forces had won the battle and saved Vienna. The first thing to note here, though, is that the name he is primarily known by, “Kara Mustafa,” is actually a nickname meaning “Black Mustafa”. The battle raged for 15 hours before the Ottoman invaders were driven from their trenches. An incompetent series of Grand Viziers oversaw battlefield defeats, which led to mutiny and political upheaval. But time had run out for Kara Mustafa. Kara Mustafa has been maligned by history since his failure at the 1683 siege of Vienna. Reports stated that it took the victorious troops and the Viennese a week to collect the booty that was left behind in the Ottoman camp. In 1683 the Ottoman Caliphate was in decline, with the Russian Tsardom retaking land in the East and the halted expansion in the west. His effort quickly overextended the fragile bases of the Ottoman revival. 4 comments December 25th, 2009 Headsman. In the years after the siege, the Holy League, which included the above mentioned Christian forces with the addition of the Venetian Republic and Muscovite Russia, fought the Ottoman Empire in the Austro-Ottoman War (1683-1697), and the Turks lost much of their Eastern European territory, including Hungary, Transylvania, Slavonia, Podolia, Dalmatia, and Morea. …1683 reached the walls of Vienna itself.…, …a relief army to a Vienna besieged by the Turks and, as supreme commander of the allied forces, won a resounding victory that marked the beginning of Turkish withdrawal from Europe. Mustafa had another reason to press on; he feared the Sultan’s punishment in the event of failure. His military expeditions were of little note in these years: He first tried to put down a Cossack rebellion that had begun in 1678 but was forced to sue for peace in 1681 after Russia intervened, and then he led the catastrophic attack on Austria that culminated in the 1683 siege of Vienna. Yet Jason Goodwin in Lords of the Horizon attributes the nickname to Kara Mustafa’s face having “been disfigured in a city fire”. And Thomas M. Barker writes that the name reflects his methods – “those of dissimulation and deceit” – his anger – “at the slightest opposition might cause him to burst into uncontrolled rage” – and his personal vices – “a weakness for brandy … and a phenomenal appetite for the pleasures of the harem”. By mid-July, his 100,000-man army had besieged Vienna (guarded by 10,000 Habsburg soldiers), following in the footsteps of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1529. On 25 December 1683, Kara Mustafa was executed in Belgrade at the order of Mehmed IV. The aroused defenders, led by the Polish king Jan Sobieski (ruled 1674–96), not only held out but also built a major European coalition that was to bring destruction to the Ottoman…. In the December of 1683, Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed in Belgrade. By early September, the determined grand vizier had taken a … The walls of Vienna were ordered to be immediately repaired in case of another siege. The emperor fled the city. These united armies were then turned over to the command of Leopold’s newest ally, Polish King John III Sobieski, and his army, which had just arrived from Poland. But such modest aims did not satisfy Mustafa. The battle scenes are realistic and a graphic extravaganza as one would imagine happened during the historic siege of Vienna, when the Ottoman tide was turned. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The rival political faction convinced Sultan Mehmed IV to execute him. But such modest aims did not satisfy Mustafa. Successive Sultans had launched repeated attacks or jihads on the Christian kingdoms of Europe for many centuries. His birth date is somewhere between 1620 and 1635, with the most specific source giving it as July 27, 1634. Mustafa had another reason to press on; he feared the Sultan’s punishment in the event of failure. Having refused the customary demand … The leader of the Hungarian Calvinists, Imre Thököly, appealed to the Ottoman grand vizier, Kara Mustafa, to attack the Habsburg capital. He suffered death by strangulation with a silk cord, which was the method of capital punishment inflicted on high-ranking persons in the Ottoman Empire. They had captured Byzantium in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire. Who was involved in countless extortions and acts of corruption selling office… By the 1680s the main defense against the Ottomans was the Hapsburg Empire.This was a large empire that was centered on the German-speaking lands of modern Austria and its capital … The Muslims, under the command of Grand Vizer Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, began a siege of Vienna on July 14, 1683. Omissions? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. By Raymond Ibrahim: “Austria acts against Muslims almost every day because of their subconscious fear of Turks,” writes Turkish historian Erhan Afyoncu. When Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna, Europeans were so happy…” This is true. The defending troops were vastly outnumbered: 15,000 defenders versus upwards of 150,000 Muslim attackers. He was less successful in combating a Cossack rebellion that began in 1678. To cut a long story short, Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha laid siege to Vienna on July 14th, 1683, with an army that far outnumbered the defenders. The lifting of the siege marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman domination in eastern Europe. The victory enabled the Ottomans to transform the Cossack regions of the southern Ukraine into a protectorate. The Ottomans in the seventeenth century ruled a vast empire that encompassed the Balkans, modern-day Turkey and much of the Middle East. As Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa may have spent as much as “two-thirds of his time tending to political fences,” raising money and dealing with the intrigues of court. Once the massive Muslim army reached and surrounded the walls of Vienna around July 15, Mustafa followed protocol. At the same time the Habsburg envoy in Warsaw begged for Polish assistance. Corrections? Mehmed Köprülü was succeeded by his son (and Kara Mustafa’s brother-in-law), Fazil Ahmed, as Grand Vizier in 1661, and Kara Mustafa served as Fazil Ahmed’s deputy during his reign as Grand Vizier, whenever Fazil Ahmed was absent from court. The defeat cost Mustafa his position, and ultimately, his life. 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In the months after the failed siege of Vienna, Kara Mustafa was strangled on the orders of the Sultan, ending his career and his life in Belgrade, and robbing him of any chance for redemption. German princes from the Holy Roman Empire united with Leopold’s army led by Charles V, Duke of Lorraine. And this was a momentous event. On the morning of 12th September they stepped down the Kahlengebirge for the Battle of Vienna. This day is also the day the Ottoman’s leader Kara Mustafa sent a demand for surrender to the city. In mid-July, Kara Mustafa’s army began the siege of Vienna, which was guarded by 11,000 Christian soldiers. By laying siege to Vienna, Mustafa disobeyed Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687), who intended that Mustafa do little more than capture Imperial frontier fortresses. Having surrounded the walls of Vienna on July 14, Ottoman grand vizier Kara Mustafa followed protocol. Kara Mustafa’s character has had many interpretations. Plan of Vienna, with the Turkish approaches. Kara Mustafa was executed on Christmas day for his failure. In 1676, when his brother-in-law Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha died, Mustafa succeeded him as grand vizier. The battle began before the deployment of all units. Sobieski’s greatest success came in 1683, with his victory at the Battle of Vienna, in joint command of Polish, Austrian and German troops, against the invading Ottoman Turks under Kara Mustafa. … The Germans became the first to strike. At one point during the battle, Kara Mustafa panicked and ordered the execution of 30,000 Christian hostages. The war saw to it that the Habsburg Monarchy became the dominant power in Central Europe. Before beginning the siege formally Kara mustafa sent the traditional ultimatum to the defenders to ‘Accept islam and surrender or be destroyed’.This being curtly rejected by Starhemburg,Kara mustafa wished the ottoman siege guns speak.The Siege of vienna was to begin. With the tacit support of the Hungarian army, 150,000 Ottoman troops laid siege to Vienna, succeeded in capturing the outer fortifications, and began to tunnel to the inner walls. In 1659 he was named the governor of Silistria, and “from 1660 onwards held a number of influential appointments”. All through July and August, and into September, the Ottomans and Viennese fought bitterly, both sides suffering heavy casualties. Modern historians continue to debate the exact nature of this nickname. Vienna was surrounded. The Commonwealth, however, did not share in the subsequent victorious Austrian campaigns. On the 14th of July 1683, the Ottomans laid siege on Vienna. On this date in 1683, the commander who just months before had brought the Turkish army to the gates of Vienna was executed in Belgrade for losing one of the pivotal battles in European history. The significant results following the battle of Vienna were the following: Kara Mustafa was executed by strangulation for his failure. With the tacit support of the Hungarian army, 150,000 Ottoman troops laid siege to Vienna, succeeded in capturing the outer fortifications, and began to tunnel to the inner walls. This battle is largely marked as the end of the Ottoman invasions into Europe. But such modest aims did not satisfy Mustafa. The Muslim forces cut off Vienna completely, and extreme hunger and fatigue set in among the soldiers and citizens. The two most prominent stories about his origin place him as either the son of a fruit peddler from a village in Asia Minor, or the son of a soldier who was raised and educated in the household of Mehmed Köprülü, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1656 to 1661. He was simply over ambitious in every aspect. Orders were dispatched to the far corners of the empire. Among these “influential appointments,” he was named Commander of the Ottoman Grand Fleet of the Aegean Sea in 1663 and led the ground forces in a war against Poland in 1672. Count Starhemberg refused to surrender, so Kara Mustafa set up the siege, and began the attack. Kara Mustafa convinced Sultan Mehmed IV to grant him an army to invade Austria in 1683, which was then ruled by The Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I. Luckily for the Christian Allies, Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa failed to conquer Klosterneuburg, which gave them the chance to rally before they could attack. His motivations for doing so are varied and complex, but he was successful, in the end, and through the opening months of spring of that year, Kara Mustafa marched his forces through Hungary, largely ignoring Leopold’s outposts and fortresses, and rushed right for the capital, Vienna, which he arrived at on July 14, 1683. “Austrians have not forgotten the fear and their emperor’s escape in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. This battle was one of the most disastrous ones in the history of the Ottoman empire, making them lose about 15,000 men and get another 5,000 captured. The Sultan had declared war against the infidel and the army was needed. While he had been besieging Vienna, Leopold had been working to relieve it. Pope Innocent XI tried unsuccessfully to induce Louis XIV of France to aid Leopold against the Ottomans and then appealed to Poland with a large subsidy. By this point, Ottoman forces had made serious inroads into the city’s defenses and are generally believed to have come closer to taking Vienna than they were in 1529. At one point during the siege, Kara Mustafa demanded surrender, but von Starhemberg replied: “Let him come; I’ll fight to the last drop of blood.” It seemed as if the garrison was about to be overwhelmed by early September. In 628, ... ended with the second unsuccessful siege of Vienna … Kara Mustafa was forced to give up his planned all out attack on Vienna and beat a retreat, thus spelling defeat for the Ottomans and therefore, defeat for Islam too. Updates? In 1675, Kara Mustafa was betrothed to one of the Sultan’s daughters, and after Fazil Ahmed’s death in 1676, few were surprised when he was named the new Grand Vizier. This did not end the war, however; smelling blood, the victorious Europeans formed a “Holy League” and counterattacked the Ottomans. By laying siege to Vienna, Mustafa disobeyed Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687), who intended that Mustafa do little more than capture Imperial frontier fortresses. Siege of Vienna, (July 17–September 12, 1683), expedition by the Ottomans against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Leopold I that resulted in their defeat by a combined force led by John III Sobieski of Poland. Kara Mustafa was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1676 to 1683, and the architect behind the 1683 siege of Vienna. Poland became a secondary partner, and, when…, …into central Europe and besiege Vienna (July–September 1683). The relief of Vienna on September 12, 1683. The famous grand vizier had some faults. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the decisive battle at Kahlenberg, the united imperial army succeeded in liberating Vienna after two months of siege at the hands of the Turkish army. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Vienna-1683, Learn about the history of the Siege of Vienna, 1683. Kara Mustafa Pasha (aka Black Mustafa) came to power as the Grand Vizier (Basically the Ottoman Prime Minister) in 1676. The capture of the city of Vienna had long been a strategic aspiration of the Ottoman Empire, due to its inter-locking control over Danubean (Black Sea-to-Western Europe) southern Europe, and the overland (Eastern Mediterranean-to-Germany) trade routes. The battle of Vienna is one of the most significant battles in European History, it took place in September 1683 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Hungry against the Ottoman Empire. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Vienna withstood several sieges by the Ottomans, most notably in 1683. 1683: Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, for the Battle of Vienna. The emperor fled the city. Nevertheless, he remains an important and central figure in European history and is worthy of more study. However, the time it took to assemble such a great host meant it would take many months for the preparations to be made. The leader of the Hungarian Calvinists, Imre Thököly, appealed to the Ottoman grand vizier, Kara Mustafa, to attack the Habsburg capital. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Read another story from us: Siege of Vienna: Led by a Mercenary, This Desperate Army Turned the Tide on the Ottoman Empire. In August 1682, Mustafa used the escalating conflict in Hungary as an excuse to declare war. In 1683, he launched a campaign northward into Austria in a last effort to expand the Ottoman Empire after more than 150 years of war. An invading Ottoman-led army, estimated at 150,000 troops, stood outside of her gates. The Habsburg emperor of the time (Leopold I) had already left the city, which hardly counted as a ringing endorsement of its defensive prospects. To Mustafa’s chagrin, he found Vienna’s defender, Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, prepared and determined to withstand a siege. The Ottoman Empire wanted to take… The Ottomans began the attack with an aim at stopping the deployment of the Holy League troops. The Turks officially began laying siege to Vienna on July 14, 1683, and for almost two months, they bombarded the city. In 1659 he was named the governor of Silistria, and “from 1660 … The 80,000 troops of this relieving army formed along the top of the Vienna hills, and, on the morning of September 12, Lorraine’s and Sobieski’s forces attacked the Ottomans. Leopold and all of his court had fled the city only a week earlier, leaving Count Ernest Rüdiger Starhemberg in charge of its defense. In June 1683 the Ottomans were at the gates of the city of their European dreams-Vienna. Captured Byzantium in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire Vienna completely, and the architect behind 1683! 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